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Candidate answers include thin tubes of field (vortices) and magnetic monopoles, point-like sources of magnetic field.","posed_since":"1974","precise":"In $4\\mathrm{D}$ $\\mathrm{SU}(N)$ Yang-Mills theory, identify the class of gauge-field configurations (center vortices, Abelian monopoles in a chosen gauge, calorons and their dyon constituents, or other) whose statistics reproduce the area law $\\langle W(C)\\rangle \\sim \\exp(-\\sigma A)$ of large Wilson loops, the full string tension $\\sigma$, Casimir scaling of string tensions at intermediate distances and N-ality dependence at large distances. An answer is a gauge-invariant (or demonstrably gauge-independent) definition of the configurations, together with evidence that removing them removes $\\sigma$ and keeping only them reproduces it.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"A gauge-invariant identification of the configurations, checked by continuum-extrapolated lattice Monte Carlo, that accounts for the full string tension and its dependence on the quark representation.","status_note":"Center-vortex and monopole pictures each reproduce much of the string tension in lattice studies, but both rely on gauge fixing and neither is accepted as complete (2025).","title":"Which gluon field configurations cause quark 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