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Black hole outbursts, heating of infalling gas by shocks, and other effects are all candidates, and the relative roles are unknown.","posed_since":"","precise":"Identify the dominant process that shuts off and keeps off star formation in central galaxies above $M_* \\sim 3x10^{10}\\ M_{\\mathrm{sun}}$ (halo mass ~ $10^{12}\\ M_{\\mathrm{sun}}$): radiative AGN winds, radio-jet heating, virial shock heating of accreted gas, morphological stabilization of the gas disk, or cosmic-ray heating. The answer is an energy and momentum budget showing which process reproduces the quenched fraction as a function of $M_*$, halo mass and redshift.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Cosmological simulations whose feedback is constrained by measured outflow energetics, reproducing the quenched fraction versus $M_{*}$ and $z$ without retuning, plus direct observation of halo gas thermodynamics around quenched galaxies.","status_note":"","title":"What stops star formation in massive 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