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Several processes could cause this and it is unknown which one dominates deep in real faults.","posed_since":"","precise":"At slip rates near $1e2\\,\\mathrm{cm}/\\mathrm{s}$, laboratory friction falls to coefficients of about 0.1 to 0.3. Identify which mechanism (flash heating at asperity contacts, thermal pressurization of pore fluid, melt lubrication, nanopowder or silica-gel lubrication) controls coseismic shear stress at seismogenic depths on natural faults, and its dependence on slip and slip rate. An answer is a constitutive law validated against natural fault-zone observations.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Post-earthquake fault drilling with temperature measurement plus high-velocity friction experiments under in situ pressure and fluid conditions.","status_note":"Rapid-response drilling after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake measured a very low coseismic friction coefficient, but the controlling mechanism is still debated.","title":"Which dynamic weakening mechanism controls friction during earthquake 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