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Whether it forms because bending becomes energetically favourable or because of hidden polar order is disputed.","posed_since":"2013","precise":"The twist-bend nematic $N_{\\mathrm{TB}}$ (heliconical director, pitch about $8 \\times 10^{-7}\\ \\text{to}\\ 10^{-6}\\,\\mathrm{cm}$ in CB7CB) was predicted from a negative bend elastic constant $K_{33} < 0$ and alternatively explained through coupling to local polar order or flexoelectricity. Determine which mechanism stabilizes $N_{\\mathrm{TB}}$ and derive its coarse-grained elasticity (whether it behaves as a pseudo-layered smectic) from measured elastic constants and structure.","problem_ref":"8c54e8380ad32cdaf0505efd8ae29121f5c10fb097b2e48a537f53c5556824fc","references":"","settled_by":"Measurement of the elastic constants and polar order through the $N$ to $N_{\\mathrm{TB}}$ transition, compared with predictions of the competing theories.","status_note":"","title":"What stabilizes the twist-bend nematic 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