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Chemistry models predict far smaller amounts than are seen.","posed_since":"2021","precise":"In TMC-1 (T ~ 10 K, n_H2 $\\sim 10^{4}$ cm^-3) radio spectroscopy has detected complex organic molecules and cyano-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cyanonaphthalenes, 2021; cyanopyrene, 2024; cyanocoronene, 2025) at abundances orders of magnitude above bottom-up gas-grain models. Identify the formation pathways (barrierless gas-phase growth, grain-surface chemistry with nonthermal desorption, or inheritance from an earlier phase) that reproduce the observed abundances.","problem_ref":"15c9b92dca14bec0e568942c8c509dcbd43155bc0e3b78294385afa893641a60","references":"","settled_by":"A chemical network with laboratory-measured rate coefficients that reproduces the observed PAH and organic abundances in TMC-1 at its estimated age.","status_note":"","title":"How do complex organics and aromatic molecules form in cold 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