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An answer is a causal risk coefficient or a demonstration that the association is confounded.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Cohorts with clinical indication for each scan recorded, adequate lag exclusion and individual organ-dose reconstruction.","status_note":"EPI-CT (2023; ERR about 1.3 per 10 rad for brain cancer, about 2.0 per 10 rad for haematological malignancy) and a North American cohort of about 3.7 million children (Smith-Bindman et al., NEJM 2025; ERR about 2.5 per 10 rad for haematologic cancer) report dose-related excesses; residual confounding by indication and by cancer-predisposition syndromes is still debated.","title":"Causal cancer risk from diagnostic CT 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