{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.topic/1","content_sha256":"f2ea2a1c4a6b6144f0b5d0265f445650f065ee73b7967cf7cdd7218f9868a678","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:52Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":[],"salt":"2471ae896f90fc828360ef7f48bfa4b94feec29a5119d20620c395c1d5ebb00f","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"topic"},"content":{"external_id":"mathph.ionization","field":"mathph","n":"1","review_cite":"Phan Thanh Nam, The ionization problem in quantum mechanics, in The Physics and Mathematics of Elliott Lieb (EMS Press), 2022","review_link":"https://doi.org/10.4171/90-2/34","review_verified":"true","summary":"An atom with nuclear charge Z is neutral when it holds Z electrons, and no real atom is known to hold more than one extra electron. Nobody has proved from the Schrodinger equation that the number of extra electrons stays bounded as Z grows.","title":"Maximal ionization of atoms","topic_ref":null,"why":"It is the simplest test of whether nonrelativistic quantum mechanics with Coulomb forces explains why atoms are nearly neutral and of fixed size."},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"139d0cc04cd3b3dbd331e014add418ba05f5b21aa4fd7ade07403261b548b505","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"9d2b1dda78fe65c2ab8bd03c8171cccb95d663ff59be0bfba6ca255b8cf164be","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"MdEvOqVySknZsXEfDUKtE9JcaByHmC6DqJCmyQV7qzHrvkqUC08_xDFc-I8mP7CvRb7mjH2LfvhZ5a9P31EIAw"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"139d0cc04cd3b3dbd331e014add418ba05f5b21aa4fd7ade07403261b548b505","leaf_index":259}