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Experiments support electrons, ions such as hydroxide from adsorbed water, or torn-off bits of material, depending on the system.","posed_since":"","precise":"For polymer-polymer, polymer-oxide and identical-material contacts, with surface charge densities up to about $8\\,\\mathrm{statC}/\\mathrm{cm}^2$ (the air-breakdown limit), determine the fraction of transferred charge carried by electrons, ions ($\\mathrm{H}+$, $\\mathrm{OH}-$, other) and transferred material. Identification must be chemical or spectroscopic (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, isotope labeling) with a closed charge balance. An answer is a quantified carrier partition for a set of benchmark pairs.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"An experiment in which the transferred charge equals, within error, the chemically identified transferred species for each benchmark pair.","status_note":"","title":"Which species carry charge between contacting 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