{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"b7029709a0ca30a50ef7c64e5ebc09b88e9e2b60b3bf1b0122e33447570de7a4","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:55Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011","fb3295f7e5123579ad2a09ba5ff74518d3c4bd2f5b4197cb0f6231982bc8de9c"],"salt":"0b6812ecafbded75db3d0e6a37e2dcd853025af9e0d35fd4992a5459a91823ea","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"value","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"astro.solar-corona-wind.nanoflare-vs-wave","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"open","n":"1","parents":[{"note":"","parent_revision":"fb3295f7e5123579ad2a09ba5ff74518d3c4bd2f5b4197cb0f6231982bc8de9c","relation":"special_case"}],"plain":"Heating could come as countless tiny explosions (nanoflares) or as a steady trickle from waves; each leaves a different temperature fingerprint.","posed_since":"","precise":"For active-region loops at $T \\sim 1e6\\ \\text{to}\\ 5e6\\,\\mathrm{K}$, determine the fraction of heating delivered impulsively (nanoflares with repeat times longer than the cooling time, producing faint plasma at $5e6\\ \\text{to}\\ 1e7\\,\\mathrm{K}$) versus steadily. Observables: slope of the emission measure distribution $\\mathrm{EM}(T) \\sim T^a$ below the peak and the hot emission measure above $5e6\\,\\mathrm{K}$. Answer: the impulsive fraction with uncertainty.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Spectroscopic measurement of faint $5e6\\ \\text{to}\\ 1e7\\,\\mathrm{K}$ emission in active regions compared with forward models of both heating types.","status_note":"","title":"Wave versus nanoflare heating fraction in active-region coronal 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