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How the bands push out surface ridges and start cracks has not been derived from dislocation physics.","posed_since":"","precise":"In cyclically loaded Cu single crystals, persistent slip bands with dislocation ladder walls spaced about 1e-4 cm carry localized plastic strain and produce surface extrusions and intrusions where cracks nucleate. Determine the mechanism producing extrusions (vacancy generation by annihilation of edge dislocation dipoles, as in the Essmann-Gosele-Mughrabi model, or irreversible slip) and predict the number of cycles to crack initiation versus plastic strain amplitude. An answer is a model validated against measured extrusion growth rates and initiation lives.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"In situ measurement of extrusion growth and point-defect content in persistent slip bands, compared with a dislocation-based model predicting initiation life.","status_note":"","title":"How persistent slip bands initiate fatigue 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