{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"941282c9faa8324a21d2c0152f7148622624dc66591e07a3da1487cbe579c9b3","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:55Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"3b22a8ac4b9abea7dee4b5d8e045c6720be3c777068eeacb5de50d7271f27ce6","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"astro.solar-interior-cycle.convective-conundrum","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"contested","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"Computer models of the Sun's churning outer layer predict large-scale flows much faster than sound waves inside the Sun appear to allow, and models with solar parameters tend to rotate the wrong way at the equator.","posed_since":"2012","precise":"Global convection simulations at solar luminosity and rotation give large-scale velocities (spherical-harmonic degree below $\\sim 30$) above some helioseismic upper limits, and tend toward anti-solar differential rotation (slow equator). Identify the missing physics: low effective Prandtl number, non-local surface-driven convection (entropy rain), a weakly subadiabatic deep layer, or magnetic feedback. Answer: a simulation matching both the helioseismic convective power spectrum and the observed rotation profile.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Convergent helioseismic measurements of deep convective velocities by independent methods, matched by a simulation that also reproduces solar differential rotation.","status_note":"Helioseismic estimates of deep convective velocities from different methods (2012 and 2015) disagree by more than an order of magnitude.","title":"Why do simulated solar convection speeds exceed helioseismic 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