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Its uncertainty, especially for carbon ions, dominates the dose error.","posed_since":"1990","precise":"Reduce the uncertainty in the mean energy per ion pair in air $W_{\\mathrm{air}}$ and in the beam-quality correction factor $k_Q$ for carbon and other ions to the level needed for a total dosimetric uncertainty below $1.5\\%$. ICRU 90 values are $W_{\\mathrm{air}}$ of about $34.44\\,\\mathrm{eV}$ for protons (about $0.4\\%$ standard uncertainty) and $34.71\\,\\mathrm{eV}$ for carbon ions (about $1.5\\%$). An answer is a measured value set with reduced uncertainty.","problem_ref":"7076cbc43c307aa140efad6211c47c1fda6bf68320a8f771ccd82c872b9c28a8","references":"","settled_by":"Calorimetric determination of $W_{\\mathrm{air}}$ and $k_{Q}$ in clinical ion beams.","status_note":"IAEA TRS-398 Rev. 1 (2024) adopted the ICRU 90 data; for carbon ions the $W_{\\mathrm{air}}$ and $k_{Q}$ terms still keep the total uncertainty near 3 percent.","title":"Beam-quality factors and $W_{\\mathrm{air}}$ for ion 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