{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"a7cdd209d63fa6f907170630e41051407751ac63a7fc351b11693085476ed18f","created":"2026-10-03T07:18:02Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"2d4fbb92c0324a2e3931f51c42273ded3145c98a1332e7cd2bbe505996b7aece","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"identification","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"cosmo.quantum-cosmology.cosmic-beginning","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"open","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"A theorem shows that an expanding universe like ours cannot be extended infinitely into the past using ordinary spacetime. Whether quantum gravity removes that edge or describes a true beginning is unknown.","posed_since":"","precise":"The Borde-Guth-Vilenkin theorem (2003) shows that any spacetime with averaged expansion rate $H_{\\mathrm{avg}} > 0$ along past-directed geodesics is past-incomplete, so eternal inflation alone cannot be past-eternal. Determine what quantum gravity puts at that boundary (no-boundary state, bounce, emergent or quantum creation) in a framework that yields predictions for observable spectra or spatial curvature.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"A quantum-gravity model of the initial state that predicts a measurable signature (spatial curvature, low-multipole CMB features, tensor tilt) later confirmed.","status_note":"","title":"Did time have a beginning, and what came before the hot Big 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