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Early extractions disagree on whether mass is more concentrated than charge.","posed_since":"","precise":"Determine the gluon gravitational form factors $A_{g}(t)$, $B_{g}(t)$, $D_{g}(t)$ for $-t < 2\\,\\mathrm{GeV}^{2}$ and the resulting mass and scalar radii. Near-threshold $J/\\psi$ photoproduction data from GlueX and JLab Hall C (2019 to 2023) were interpreted with holographic and GPD models giving different radii. Answer: a model-independent extraction, or a demonstration that threshold $J/\\psi$ production cannot determine these form factors at 10 percent accuracy.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Lattice QCD calculation of $A_{g}$ and $D_{g}$ at physical pion mass compared with threshold $J/\\psi$ and $\\Upsilon$ production at JLab and the EIC, with the reaction mechanism (two-gluon exchange versus open-charm intermediate states) fixed by data.","status_note":"Extractions from the 2023 JLab data depended on whether the reaction proceeds through two-gluon exchange or open-charm loops, which remained unresolved as of 2026.","title":"Gluon gravitational form factors and the proton mass 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