{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.topic/1","content_sha256":"1f2e201c41f7381788074fdb32ab9ef595266a2b6081e86b6477a49ee962d880","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:50Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":[],"salt":"99174c2972eab45e69b7fb2a89a8a50d47e86bd4e99e4c9f73b37164c4aeef9b","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"topic"},"content":{"external_id":"beams.space-charge-halo","field":"beams","n":"1","review_cite":"I. Hofmann, Space Charge Physics for Particle Accelerators, Springer, 2017","review_link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62157-9","review_verified":"true","summary":"In very intense proton beams the particles' mutual repulsion drives a few of them onto large orbits, forming a faint halo that hits the walls. Losing even a part per million per turn makes the machine radioactive.","title":"Space charge, halo and loss in high-intensity hadron beams","topic_ref":null,"why":"Halo losses cap the beam power of spallation neutron sources, neutrino beams and accelerator-driven reactors."},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"416111fd7e6fee07d8da591a9ff1426619f087a5ba70068946ba198ef0a5a6c3","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"d11510988408f9ca7186386613d2c02c5c2ad9397c377ff8525367e7e5cf7878","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"nEqto4NsGL7VudujHHcXURe3QXMXYMfsiShl00ZlezHYp93Gzh50SU_f_CWMu7Ohlo0cBr3y6XiZFO2Ljgc6Ag"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"416111fd7e6fee07d8da591a9ff1426619f087a5ba70068946ba198ef0a5a6c3","leaf_index":75}