{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"a70b17f28650175bc28913430e1df67ca64f405f7afc0c10077fbf0d8118565b","created":"2026-10-03T07:18:06Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"711551d0645b7e42c23955f1de545c7981127b847d00386764e56feb626a63f6","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"classification","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"med.low-dose-risk.linearity","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"contested","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"Protection rules assume that halving a small dose halves the risk, with no safe threshold. Direct evidence at such doses is thin and the assumption is contested.","posed_since":"1950","precise":"Determine the shape of the dose-response relation for solid-cancer incidence below 10 rad ($1\\,\\mathrm{rad}=100\\,\\mathrm{erg}/\\mathrm{g}$) of low-linear-energy-transfer radiation: linear without threshold, linear-quadratic, threshold, or non-monotonic. The answer must handle dose-measurement error, confounding and reverse causation at effect sizes of about 5 percent excess relative risk per 10 rad (ERR about 0.5 per 100 rad), falling to about 0.5 percent at 1 rad. An answer is a shape with confidence intervals excluding the alternatives.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Pooled worker and medical cohorts with individual dosimetry of sufficient size and dose accuracy to separate linear from threshold models at the one-percent effect level.","status_note":"The INWORKS nuclear-worker analysis (Richardson et al., BMJ 2023) reported solid-cancer mortality ERR of 0.52 per 100 rad, with a larger slope below 10 rad, while threshold and hormesis advocates dispute the dosimetry and confounding control.","title":"Does risk stay linear below 10 rad","topic_ref":"1948d946218d7c02b2c70b6b7a06d3d6deaab795dfb6694d5f7d48ccc81b63b1"},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"43fab9be74c232cf26b1bfc9f4763758b54afe74414bdf1a80b038b4b4c34be3","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"ca5574e6753de1c12e5d208effdd130c47e8051a6badefb31e9502401f34cd09","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"wPRTMXQqtuQzMn4JSpBmuyaU8GtH_LusbmSufyzCRHJiaVoNC6tI113X7UoxvWPaKg_wAL0WbGSTruMW9aryCQ"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"43fab9be74c232cf26b1bfc9f4763758b54afe74414bdf1a80b038b4b4c34be3","leaf_index":1698}