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They can be lost into the atmosphere or out through the edge of the magnetic field, and which route dominates is unclear.","posed_since":"","precise":"For flux dropouts of relativistic electrons, quantify the fractions lost to the atmosphere by pitch-angle scattering from EMIC (electromagnetic ion cyclotron) waves, chorus and hiss, versus lost through the magnetopause by shadowing and outward radial transport. An answer is a loss budget per event constrained by simultaneous precipitation and in-situ flux measurements.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Conjugate low-orbit precipitation and equatorial in-situ measurements closing the electron loss budget for a set of dropout events.","status_note":"","title":"What empties the outer radiation belt during sudden electron 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