{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"5a797c97ab59ea879a229d2eeef09f6bb4ede46e3e2e174b02b047ad5ab6b7e4","created":"2026-10-03T07:18:04Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"3517efd446b50abaf6b47b2e7361d263072f8a7640b9a93468d5fb17082de81c","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"grav.bh-information.factorization-puzzle","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"partially-resolved","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"The wormhole geometries used to get the Page curve also connect separate copies of a system, which normally happens only when one averages over many random theories. A single definite theory should not behave like an average, so something must cancel these wormhole effects.","posed_since":"2004","precise":"In AdS/CFT, two decoupled boundary theories have a factorized partition function $Z(J1, J2) = Z(J1) Z(J2)$, while the bulk path integral includes connected wormhole saddles that do not factorize. Determine the bulk mechanism that restores factorization for a fixed (non-averaged) dual, such as $N=4$ super-Yang-Mills at large $N$, and its effect on the replica-wormhole derivation of the Page curve. An answer is a bulk computation, in a model with a single fixed dual, showing which contributions cancel the wormhole correlations and at what order in $\\exp(-S)$.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"A bulk calculation in a higher-dimensional holographic pair with a fixed dual that exhibits the cancellation of wormhole contributions to products of partition functions.","status_note":"Half-wormhole saddles restore factorization in SYK-type models with fixed couplings (Saad, Shenker, Stanford, Yao 2021); no comparable bulk account exists for higher-dimensional AdS/CFT as of 2026.","title":"How does a single unitary theory avoid wormhole-induced ensemble averaging?","topic_ref":"f95e49a99ff690ea4913bd0d781eb50f5c958009660d629087f8ddfc66cb8a3b"},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"4fae88ad6a0f2a1e2c374cf49636893378bdb9a3212c5755fd3591b9cc735666","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"636e1d66d4836095bd4c381f7ea50fface569457811fd3a92c2a69ef353e45be","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"420peSd9cjqyVCY--O36Q-O82Z5Vt6ZlEqPEs4WB8ohFOwDdQjEiMTGA5VMbzVEAlps6R__MZ_FahFOyTHHrAA"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"4fae88ad6a0f2a1e2c374cf49636893378bdb9a3212c5755fd3591b9cc735666","leaf_index":1464}