{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"9768f4d9764669fe26a89b695e231c880c127dd9de5e01073b676dc91bbe156d","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:56Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"47b8e44864f554c9c18bfe374678405c98b3917ab4fb3785387fe67ced96d2bb","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"bio.biological-clocks.segmentation-clock-tempo","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"partially-resolved","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"The genetic oscillator that times backbone segments has a period of roughly 2 to 3 hours in mouse and about 5 hours in human cells grown in a dish. Which single cellular property slows every step of the clock by the same factor is not established.","posed_since":"2020","precise":"For the Hes7 oscillator in presomitic mesoderm (period approximately $2.5\\,\\mathrm{h}$ in mouse and $5\\,\\mathrm{h}$ in human stem-cell-derived tissue), Matsuda and co-workers (2020) showed that protein degradation rates and expression delays scale together with the period, and Diaz-Cuadros and co-workers (2023) linked the period to mass-specific metabolic rate and the NAD+/NADH ratio. Identify the global variable that sets all these rates proportionally and give a model that predicts the clock period of at least four species from independent measurements of that variable.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Measurements of the candidate global variable and of the clock period in stem-cell-derived presomitic mesoderm from several species, plus perturbations of that variable that shift the period by the predicted amount.","status_note":"Matsuda and co-workers (Science 2020, doi 10.1126/science.aba7668) and Diaz-Cuadros and co-workers (Nature 2023, doi 10.1038/s41586-022-05574-4) tied the period to reaction speeds and metabolism; what controls the global rate remains open.","title":"What sets the species-specific period of the segmentation 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