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Either the models or the assumed relation between pressure, temperature and density of hydrogen-helium (the equation of state) is wrong, or the planet has an unexpected layering.","posed_since":"","precise":"The Galileo probe found atmospheric heavy-element enrichment of roughly three times solar, while many Juno-fitting interior models require a lower $Z$ in the outer envelope, implying an inverted $Z$ gradient. Determine whether this tension arises from hydrogen-helium equation-of-state errors, deep wind effects on gravity, or a real compositional inversion. An answer is an interior model with atmospheric $Z$ that fits $J_2n$ and $k_2$, or a demonstration that the inversion is required.","problem_ref":"c3536a79406dbb45b846597be154d0561768a612b2c2fefee936b243db5f2fa3","references":"","settled_by":"Interior models using independently validated equations of state and wind-corrected gravity harmonics that either remove or require the inversion.","status_note":"","title":"Why do Jupiter models want fewer heavy elements than its atmosphere 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