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If warming thins them, the planet absorbs more sunlight and warms further, and how much is the largest single uncertainty.","posed_since":"","precise":"Determine the global low-cloud feedback parameter (stratocumulus and trade cumulus over the subtropical oceans) in $\\mathrm{erg}/(\\mathrm{s}\\,\\mathrm{cm}^{2}\\,\\mathrm{K})$; current assessments center near $+2 \\times 10^{2}\\,\\mathrm{erg}/(\\mathrm{s}\\,\\mathrm{cm}^{2}\\,\\mathrm{K})$ with large uncertainty. An answer is a value with uncertainty below about $10^{2}\\,\\mathrm{erg}/(\\mathrm{s}\\,\\mathrm{cm}^{2}\\,\\mathrm{K})$ supported by large-eddy simulations and observed cloud-controlling-factor relations.","problem_ref":"e66c7e0bdf006620574bcbf3acb1c4edfcb73ce9838237e74ad825920b9865f8","references":"","settled_by":"Large-eddy simulations across regimes validated by field campaigns and satellite cloud-controlling-factor analyses.","status_note":"Field data from the 2020 EUREC4A campaign were interpreted (Vogel and coauthors, Nature 2022) as indicating a weak trade-cumulus feedback; stratocumulus feedback remains uncertain.","title":"How strongly do low marine clouds amplify 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