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Simulations disagree on whether this makes confinement better or worse.","posed_since":"","precise":"For alpha pressure up to about 10 percent of the total, determine the sign and size of the change in thermal ion and electron turbulent transport caused by alphas (fuel dilution, electromagnetic stabilization of ion-temperature-gradient modes, zonal-flow drive, alpha-driven modes), and the resulting change in predicted $\\tau_E$ for ITER and an ARC-class reactor. An answer is a converged nonlinear gyrokinetic result reproducing JET D-T observations.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Global gyrokinetic simulations with kinetic alphas, validated against JET D-T and then ITER burning-plasma data.","status_note":"2026 global gyrokinetic simulations report net suppression of microturbulence by alphas (arXiv:2605.10694); this is not yet confirmed experimentally.","title":"Do $\\alpha$ particles reduce or increase turbulent heat 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