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Direct evidence at such doses is thin and the assumption is contested.","posed_since":"1950","precise":"Determine the shape of the dose-response relation for solid-cancer incidence below 10 rad ($1\\,\\mathrm{rad}=100\\,\\mathrm{erg}/\\mathrm{g}$) of low-linear-energy-transfer radiation: linear without threshold, linear-quadratic, threshold, or non-monotonic. The answer must handle dose-measurement error, confounding and reverse causation at effect sizes of about 5 percent excess relative risk per 10 rad (ERR about 0.5 per 100 rad), falling to about 0.5 percent at 1 rad. An answer is a shape with confidence intervals excluding the alternatives.","problem_ref":"43fab9be74c232cf26b1bfc9f4763758b54afe74414bdf1a80b038b4b4c34be3","references":"","settled_by":"Pooled worker and medical cohorts with individual dosimetry of sufficient size and dose accuracy to separate linear from threshold models at the one-percent effect level.","status_note":"The INWORKS nuclear-worker analysis (Richardson et al., BMJ 2023) reported solid-cancer mortality ERR of 0.52 per 100 rad, with a larger slope below 10 rad, while threshold and hormesis advocates dispute the dosimetry and confounding control.","title":"Does risk stay linear below 10 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