{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"bd3194d4507990078b4f4721b9f824e53393e51bbdb9fceacbfa1f8ea8a183c3","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:53Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"6f1257f635b01555f78294cc64891edd0388905b11d90b20688130116ee95ae1","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"value","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"amo.attosecond-electron-dynamics.petahertz-switching-limits","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"open","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"The electric field of a laser oscillates about a million billion times per second, and it can push currents through solids and nanoscale junctions in step with each oscillation. Whether this can become working logic circuits, and how fast and cheap such switching can be, is unknown.","posed_since":"","precise":"Light-field-driven currents in dielectrics (SiO2), graphene-gold junctions and metal nanoantenna tunnel junctions, switched within one optical cycle (frequency about $1e15\\,\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$). Quantities: the maximum switching bandwidth $f_{\\mathrm{max}}$ and minimum energy per switching event set by real versus virtual carrier populations, dephasing, heating and circuit parasitics, and whether a logic stage can drive the next one with gain above 1. An answer is a cascaded light-field-driven gate with measured gain above 1 at f above $1e14\\,\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$, or a derived bound that excludes it.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"A demonstration of two cascaded light-field-driven logic stages with measured signal gain, or a derivation of a fundamental bound on gain and energy per operation.","status_note":"A light-field logic gate based on real and virtual carriers in graphene-gold junctions was reported in 2022 (Boolakee et al., Nature); a 2024 review (Heide et al., Nature Reviews Physics) lists cascadability and parasitics as unsolved.","title":"Speed and energy limits of light-field-driven petahertz 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