{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"0d86a927a6ca72cbdb8177394d6d1d7f0e52642b3583f68ed88cb3d6c545ba61","created":"2026-10-03T07:18:03Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"effff4e7e0ea59951435d98866d6857999b48ac805d01525716a065b7772e598","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"earth.space-weather.thermosphere-density","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"open","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"During magnetic storms the upper atmosphere heats and expands, increasing drag on satellites; in February 2022 a moderate storm caused the loss of dozens of newly launched satellites. Models still miss the size and timing of these density surges.","posed_since":"","precise":"Predict the time-dependent neutral mass density at 200 to 600 km altitude during storms from solar-wind driving, including Joule heating distribution, nitric-oxide radiative cooling and the composition response. An answer is a model reproducing observed storm-time density enhancements (for example the May 2024 storm) to within tens of percent in amplitude and hours in timing.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Accelerometer and orbit-derived densities from multiple satellites during major storms reproduced by a physics-based model driven only by upstream solar-wind data.","status_note":"","title":"How does upper-atmosphere density respond to geomagnetic storms?","topic_ref":"c62d27d07d103f28438741ee418d7f935e55da8e998677d5c94818ed943bc510"},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"5b222c8114e0c7558a5ec1df01285417f1c2ac618bd2496cf3cac63419227d84","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"ded0e8cec9383569a2a3560326738b7cfeae44761c73954ef03aeb274f8b92a8","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"dP0sizmktIvUtMbFzLUKLrBinhNiI972TmIcmsQmBW_c-8g9gktcYLC86TXE0GRVTeWE02yEEvvZ-QwcGeKvAw"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"5b222c8114e0c7558a5ec1df01285417f1c2ac618bd2496cf3cac63419227d84","leaf_index":1373}