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Its structure and why it keeps slowly thickening set battery lifetime but are known only roughly.","posed_since":"","precise":"For graphite and lithium-metal anodes in carbonate electrolytes (for example 1 mol/L LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate), determine the nanoscale arrangement of inorganic (LiF, Li2CO3, Li2O) and organic phases in the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), the transport process that sustains its growth (electron tunneling, neutral lithium interstitial diffusion, solvent diffusion through pores), and the resulting thickness law $L(t)$, often reported near $t^{1/2}$. An answer is a model with first-principles rate parameters that predicts $L(t)$ and the measured calendar-aging capacity loss.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Cryogenic microscopy and depth-resolved spectroscopy of SEI composition over aging time, matched by a first-principles growth model.","status_note":"","title":"Structure and growth law of the battery solid-electrolyte 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