{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"215be431659ceb135fb3477cfb95938b123b0c5360c5d83fc05266c488dc1bb1","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:55Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"9516ac45dd9282f0a7515af0b6db7debf0a5d0191e78e83c991a5d6058e56d4d","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"classification","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"astro.star-cluster-formation.high-z-origin","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"contested","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"The James Webb Space Telescope sees very dense young star clusters in galaxies less than a billion years after the Big Bang. Whether today's globular clusters are the survivors of such clusters, or needed special conditions to form, is not known.","posed_since":"","precise":"Decide whether present-day globular clusters formed by the same process as young massive clusters today, in high-pressure, gas-rich disks at $z \\sim 2\\ \\text{to}\\ 10$, followed by tidal disruption of most clusters, or require a distinct channel (for example formation in dark matter minihalos or as nuclei of accreted dwarfs). The model must reproduce the globular-cluster mass function, the age-metallicity relation of Milky Way clusters and the number of clusters per unit galaxy mass.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"JWST measurements of the mass function, sizes and formation efficiency of lensed clusters at $z \\sim 2\\ \\text{to}\\ 10$, compared with cosmological simulations that follow cluster formation and disruption to $z = 0$.","status_note":"Bound, dense clusters were reported in a lensed galaxy at $z \\sim 10$, the Cosmic Gems arc (Adamo et al., Nature, 2024), supporting early formation without fixing the channel.","title":"Are globular clusters survivors of young massive clusters in early 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