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A sign of life must be distinguishable from these.","posed_since":"","precise":"Enumerate and quantify abiotic pathways that produce detectable $\\mathrm{O_2}$, $\\mathrm{O_3}$ or $\\mathrm{CH_4}$ plus $\\mathrm{CO_2}$ disequilibrium on rocky planets: $\\mathrm{H_2O}$ photolysis with hydrogen escape, $\\mathrm{CO_2}$ photolysis in dry atmospheres, serpentinization and volcanic outgassing. For each, derive spectral discriminants (CO, O4, $\\mathrm{H_2O}$ abundance, redox state) measurable by a Habitable Worlds Observatory-class telescope. The answer is a classified list with abundance ranges and discriminants.","problem_ref":"fb842848d5f62fff9d1251605824309bcd8cc8db829286506c08e88b4a61758e","references":"","settled_by":"Coupled photochemical, geochemical and escape models over the plausible parameter range, with synthetic spectra at expected telescope resolution and signal to noise.","status_note":"","title":"Which non-biological processes can mimic oxygen or methane 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