{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"5bdbc1bb96d3824630af87fc96ebcb9b35349b46f5a4dd9c4889771df1ac968a","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:58Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"394e6dbc5cf86aa32e258d1bba50a7779f8a8e8a39944e3191935962e2984e64","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"chem.liquid-water.anomalies-origin","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"contested","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"As water is cooled below 0 C without freezing, its response functions grow as if heading toward a singularity. Several competing explanations exist and experiments have not yet chosen among them.","posed_since":"","precise":"Explain the growth of the isothermal compressibility $\\kappa_T$, the isobaric heat capacity $C_P$ and the magnitude of the thermal expansion coefficient $\\alpha_P$ in supercooled liquid water at ambient pressure down to about 230 K, distinguishing between the liquid-liquid critical point scenario, the singularity-free scenario, the critical-point-free scenario and the stability-limit conjecture. An answer is a thermodynamic model consistent with all measured response functions in the accessible range and with predictions that experiment can test.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Measurements of response functions inside the region of rapid crystallization (230 to 160 K) at pressures up to $3e9\\,\\mathrm{dyn}/\\mathrm{cm}^2$, compared with each scenario's predictions.","status_note":"","title":"Origin of the thermodynamic anomalies of supercooled water","topic_ref":"8ba87b9cdffe8e8cf07699e738dbe5b7ba271aabae5cf5406a53e07fab8bdd45"},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"7634b50edcbbf83ae2f2e94062090f3ca3a29492f52eba44d36c9538b21bda62","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"69f78d405c6a00f42cbbed6e2522e6eafa21a282993841e3dd2fad91fa5d5d36","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"rJU1EBG_rHk_4uJW8eDITwkGmrsdn6kj0MmiWeHSjp89R3fwcJwJ0VCRIY93p4-nb2eOGZJ13z8HKY6PtBqADw"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"7634b50edcbbf83ae2f2e94062090f3ca3a29492f52eba44d36c9538b21bda62","leaf_index":871}