{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.topic/1","content_sha256":"6595fce146c21c68be7d233fa0ffec9d7c0507a714f02a35b177fefa8cba0872","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:52Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":[],"salt":"ff56f49704d74da4a71370ec88d1ccb2ee632501553a7cfbc535a4b90c86030c","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"topic"},"content":{"external_id":"qft.confinement","field":"qft","n":"1","review_cite":"J. Greensite, The confinement problem in lattice gauge theory, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 51, 1, 2003","review_link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-lat/0301023","review_verified":"true","summary":"Quarks are never seen alone: the force between them does not fade with distance, as if they were tied by a string made of gluon field. Nobody has derived from the equations of the theory why this happens.","title":"Confinement in QCD-like gauge theories","topic_ref":null,"why":"Confinement sets the masses of protons and neutrons, and so most of the mass of visible matter."},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"76d9445640fcdddaf873735659f32eec87522b700e01144540417b9ab8366050","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"d9f03972c57da41ec8ce7b25832ff433a3dffdf3149ac503ca79565c587bef30","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"rMULI4NEm62HqYSUk0UNaGCYxZzzE6IumWImOoqr460m8L3ATiSc-q4xzTWJiWqytwATZ5_0t0uEQkfxVEHoAg"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"76d9445640fcdddaf873735659f32eec87522b700e01144540417b9ab8366050","leaf_index":313}