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How fast this melting happens depends on thin turbulent water layers right under the ice that models cannot yet capture well.","posed_since":"","precise":"Derive and validate a parameterization of basal melt rate m as a function of far-field temperature, salinity and current speed under ice shelves, covering shear-driven and convective, double-diffusive regimes of the ice-ocean boundary layer and the effect of basal channels and crevasses. An answer is a melt law tested against direct under-ice observations to within a factor of order unity across regimes.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Under-ice measurements of turbulent fluxes and melt rates (from borehole and autonomous vehicle campaigns) matched by large-eddy simulations across flow regimes.","status_note":"","title":"What controls melting at the base of floating ice 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