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A reliable way to measure the stopping point during treatment is missing.","posed_since":"2003","precise":"Achieve in vivo verification of the distal beam range to a standard deviation of 1 mm or better, per treatment field, in soft tissue and across tissue interfaces, at clinical dose levels. Candidate signals: prompt gamma emission at 3 to 7 MeV, positron-emitter activation (C-11, O-15, N-13), ionoacoustic pressure pulses, and charged secondary tracking. An answer is a demonstrated method with measured accuracy and precision in patients.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"A patient series in which a verification method and an independent ground truth agree to within 1 mm on the distal range.","status_note":"Prompt-gamma timing and slit cameras reached a few mm in patients by 2024; $1\\,\\mathrm{mm}$ per field remained out of reach.","title":"Millimetre in vivo verification of particle 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