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There is no reliable test to find them in advance.","posed_since":"1990","precise":"Identify an assay predicting severe normal-tissue reaction, defined as grade 3 or higher toxicity, before treatment, with sensitivity and specificity sufficient for clinical use. Candidate physical and cellular measures: residual DNA double-strand break foci at 24 h, chromosome aberration yield per 100 rad in lymphocytes, and apoptosis fraction after ex vivo irradiation. 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