{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"420f9d0275b72fe266cb53d4889a87648657a4035d37e61a0ca910a526b482e1","created":"2026-10-03T07:18:07Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"201ec0af2c1342cecd40f9417d82a5304a77cf33cae33d3195c1e52d30a2678d","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"value","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"med.radionuclide-therapy.auger-extranuclear","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"open","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"Some radioactive atoms release electrons that mostly travel less than a thousandth of a millimetre, so they should harm a cell only if they are right next to its DNA. Reports of killing when the atoms are on the cell surface or in other compartments challenge that picture.","posed_since":"","precise":"Quantify cell killing per decay for Auger-electron emitters (I-125, In-111, Tc-99m, Ga-67) localized in the nucleus, the cytoplasm, the mitochondria and the cell membrane, and compare with the absorbed dose to the nucleus computed by cellular S-values (tabulated dose per decay between cell compartments) and track-structure codes. An answer is a ratio of observed to predicted effect per compartment, and the identification of any non-nuclear target or signalling pathway needed to explain a ratio above 1.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Survival and DNA-damage measurements with emitters chemically confined to each compartment, with measured subcellular activity distributions and calculated nuclear dose.","status_note":"Reviews around 2019 cite membrane and mitochondrial targeting effects that nuclear-dose calculations do not reproduce.","title":"Cell killing by Auger emitters located outside the nucleus","topic_ref":"6c8bec8f6507d1401333ef1f0d3b8af96544abd2d55b8980500938f7c5f01fb2"},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"8510ef4fdbb5bdc1b43e6cef79f135c6babefc2944553c0b5cd7134219dce088","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"1db765cedf0ec65944872b0f1f23ab491f127cf5254b90abfa7d25756e6e25bf","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"nEOsENju-f1iHn2f8FxMSokO71jzyJAY60k4hyRVatuOV5SfKpW6cIM5TcfrKgqSp1c2q3jPaHdPiYGnOY6TBg"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"8510ef4fdbb5bdc1b43e6cef79f135c6babefc2944553c0b5cd7134219dce088","leaf_index":1720}