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Reports of killing when the atoms are on the cell surface or in other compartments challenge that picture.","posed_since":"","precise":"Quantify cell killing per decay for Auger-electron emitters (I-125, In-111, Tc-99m, Ga-67) localized in the nucleus, the cytoplasm, the mitochondria and the cell membrane, and compare with the absorbed dose to the nucleus computed by cellular S-values (tabulated dose per decay between cell compartments) and track-structure codes. An answer is a ratio of observed to predicted effect per compartment, and the identification of any non-nuclear target or signalling pathway needed to explain a ratio above 1.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Survival and DNA-damage measurements with emitters chemically confined to each compartment, with measured subcellular activity distributions and calculated nuclear dose.","status_note":"Reviews around 2019 cite membrane and mitochondrial targeting effects that nuclear-dose calculations do not reproduce.","title":"Cell killing by Auger emitters located outside the 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