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Separating the two requires changing droplet formation without changing the proteins' other properties.","posed_since":"","precise":"For a given condensate (nucleolus, stress granules, transcriptional condensates), determine whether phase separation itself, as distinct from the underlying molecular binding, changes a measurable cellular output (reaction rate, transcriptional burst frequency, stress survival), using perturbations that shift $c_{sat}$ while preserving binding affinities.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Separation-of-function mutants that abolish or induce condensation at fixed binding affinity, with measured effects on the cellular output.","status_note":"Functional claims for transcriptional condensates remain disputed as of 2026.","title":"Do condensates perform functions beyond molecular 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