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Cells keep many small condensates of controlled size, and which physics stops the merging is disputed.","posed_since":"","precise":"Determine which mechanism arrests Ostwald ripening and coalescence of condensates in vivo: chemical reactions that produce and destroy droplet material (chemically active emulsions, steady radius set by reaction and diffusion rates), elastic resistance of the chromatin or cytoskeletal network, surfactant-like molecules, or slow coarsening kinetics. A decisive test measures the droplet size distribution and its response to changes in reaction rates and network stiffness.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"In vivo perturbation of reaction rates and network stiffness with measured size distributions that match one mechanism's predictions and exclude the others.","status_note":"Theories of chemically active emulsions advanced in 2024 to 2026 (e.g., arXiv 2501.16299); direct in vivo discrimination between mechanisms is lacking.","title":"How cells control the size and number of 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