{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"f40588645a018e455aceaccc7f97054c1e7cf032e4b51b30e6af07dc9d945f5b","created":"2026-10-15T23:43:22Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":["ai:gpt-5.5"],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["ce59fb6cd812fc05906d0c60a71c75ea22bc686bcf38e7c3ef7010834d98ee7b","ead38a87dce5b75251fe1dc0fdf011cb94e8a73fc0e7a64948a6152ba4b39c72"],"salt":"7ba9dc0916593f0e94e59f68e5e5ca69b7f452d5c75036b09df6ac88397218ce","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"identification","assisted_by":["ai:gpt-5.5"],"external_id":"earth.earth-moon-origin.water-source","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"contested","n":"2","parents":[],"plain":"Earth's oceans match the hydrogen chemistry of some water-bearing meteorites, but water could also have come from rocks like those that built Earth or from the gas around the young Sun. The share from each source and its timing are unknown.","posed_since":"","precise":"Earth's ocean $\\mathrm{D}/\\mathrm{H}$ is about $1.5 \\times 10^{-4}$, similar to CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites and to enstatite chondrites, while nebular hydrogen has $\\mathrm{D}/\\mathrm{H}$ near $2 \\times 10^{-5}$. Determine the fractional contributions of carbonaceous material, inner-disk (enstatite-like) material, nebular ingassing and comets to bulk Earth hydrogen, and whether delivery preceded or followed the Moon-forming impact. An answer is a mixing solution consistent with H, N, noble gas and nucleosynthetic isotope data.","problem_ref":"ead38a87dce5b75251fe1dc0fdf011cb94e8a73fc0e7a64948a6152ba4b39c72","references":"","settled_by":"Multi-isotope mass balance (H, N, Ne, Xe, Mo, Ru) of bulk Earth combined with dynamical delivery models.","status_note":"2025 metal-silicate partitioning experiments (arXiv:2508.17740) revise bulk-Earth hydrogen and carbon budgets.","title":"Where did Earth's water come from?","topic_ref":null},"content_withheld":"false","files":[],"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"8999756b3796eda0c68a71fc3aba5aeba083219d5699c8c100e72c86c3e1004b","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"id_token":null,"id_token_withheld":"false","envelope":{"attested_hash":"c090e3fdb5b6ba822ede2627d11cabef487fb8cc3dc7958cc73a08d7b153c9b4","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"uFqKUxCp6Pz5GIcrXRT_oEFVpDvCASq8Y__fO4Le04Zioxy5kSKddpahguSEuWXub8p_ahjQpu_XOBWMiMtOCQ"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"ots":{"attested":["AE9wZW5UaW1lc3RhbXBzAABQcm9vZgC_ieLohOiSlAEIwJDj_bW2uoIu3iYn0Ryr70h_uMw9x5WMxzoI17FTybTwIMCevsPDEUJvkpIHdLXQo45UaMQUHHfQ9HvdsMK84ahOCPAgoVMSya_rhsugwnb-OFDiRc75FFWhiDMdWQCj83UvD4kI8CAG_4oIQkhy8poENiILbtGdwzPS-8SxIrfg2ARc85-H5gjwILIHsTvwpLTWFH8s8CfgBQaeZ0aNcUCbhaIC3sLlh6lOCPEg9cZ4bWec0wYRDcfPfz7trax2EvZrXFvlW4DnBgCYoQkI8CB3zhe-btw0HGuUJxoSvBHmqljX2i_xtKv9PisvVpjr8gjxIGSBYk34U9ro0Avf9MJgik6rywdM4recJQsShrUyoVGJCPEgraRI2npokG3tsYuZYconfMt0ARYLxAQQuCOiQUqeUM8I8SDArwsGYVuomKH_DJiJGziPwECn7skqn20TGM58Ezco0wjwIIgwugvlgSNOmTWMhquqetKjeLf0x7d1a1MH4KU52JbFCPAg3mczMYDKOd7Nhf3ojA9ZvuTsN66Y1NnyYTp9j8GKQNwI8SCvAiiN-Hrv7IEejd8wdUihoozu5KOvpoBFJ0vg3UnGAQj_8Ajn9YmozHwo9QjwEJ46aM9ZDv3TdtqV3ZbRsNgI8SBOF8pILGf1kodr5MKmQs6Cd93joraGn3g6UPt_-kewPwjwIOG-gmM7bd_eR4AiDMNfluS3xvr7vicLR-sCBr5qtG2cCPAgrVNFrCoeQcCxhlmnE0BzHgR8HQpZAlfqzDDFzfWb8GUI8QRq0WWT8AjZJ2cF_c7k8ACD3-MNLvkMjiwraHR0cHM6Ly9ib2IuYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLm9wZW50aW1lc3RhbXBzLm9yZ_AI9ZMS1zxd7IEI8BDd00WgJZ0RncsC1Fyai_4aCPEgvxMFrnu7F05IW5INiraQ3OVEYMjNx6JfBxw1Q4jPLi4I8QRq0WWS8Ag2zxPAtI5JsP8Ag9_jDS75DI4uLWh0dHBzOi8vYWxpY2UuYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLm9wZW50aW1lc3RhbXBzLm9yZwjxIHAnv4KFFf4uiYEFJvLxiMxSyz8VowJP4roTfDD9h7bICPAgj5tgvbNF7mxSP4jGGE66ezUFRLnI4g1VTkvuV4VtCPAI8CCxlc1HuKORuHgn7DYIYcDhc4oo99OkTWBEvddBypoa7AjwIFcjjaF8kDNDYCZGaNISlRjvX-I7in-QNwsr4JYQbFJvCPAgnl0k4gs7LuY5i1umiHO-J7My3uBThLJUWQoY9LdVSrQI8SA6-Ft11_K_GqMNWYhkVsVqCFvXSYbp4S8JoLsLBnUzvgjxIBC8_mAE7JBP35SNxDBcG7joLJwURpMxdV2vSO64_jEOCPEge04Coj1xSi7CE8UwqiBGNhPyZ5QdD_YZwn-heSdObU4I8SBgdDSgr3VUx1j8m_pK7-OzMwwFgXeLy43ujffCv-hf5AjwIMl-PnAt4xjoBEVU4-nkyN0NKRa9AvX4kEMfllFyIJS9CPFZAQAAAAHz4rV-uwQFg02bVnEMUFgpIdGKjM4tWuID1kTVnrjisAAAAAAA_v___wJURAIAAAAAABYAFBFys2oc0-U-bYrC3VulGLzND5fbAAAAAAAAAAAiaiDwBHLTDgAICPEgMJIBYi46xOIuFDwzJ9nOx14ngW5HbglUf65ORpkoIYcICPAgHgGWEGCDHWgscwT92NOoJ7s-ezbPkyiWr2RnYZDC_dwICPAgtffMyyLu-MscJsDc0dzwGspwSrrmvVAnMNgsgWhHClgICPAgMUl1OfBDUwhp5VZjHwVA0nuz1F5HZTUJCHAnM1L1F3MICPAgStK7UWpnrUueV5EaE7uE0y6BLMp6EANmrbhrTqEBZu8ICPAg5LVW7IHtUL5mNOvPx1hOTfLMmqlQ7t9EFW-KDtrISIQICPAgABgXZ6upFU8qiDQKFtQFpqkjKwl0PsxM4JUjVLlDKbkICPAgEwb96FiOhjlbwI8GFZQ4a5GXwxs4bUdqVOMKrtBWV30ICPEgqBg-wp0c8CAPV9k6J7wIa9_GtQfpWmhpE1zqFZyi2pQICPAg2pZLTVPGJbriiz0UhMytYDVYAXOgQnWDcrMOewK9O8cICPEgxm3QwzbvT4siJzubQGnST67bWv-exYwSPP1KDi7CaUwICPEgm6udUudfjUaM0gUFTylKGDMypj7ptMTG0zmxd_T5yTcICPAgMpOInkjFCVp1pOZhfZnyPAl8hdWGmHzQcrGLgLwSKLgICAAFiJYNc9cZAQPzpjs"],"envelope":["AE9wZW5UaW1lc3RhbXBzAABQcm9vZgC_ieLohOiSlAEIeHOnt8JRZ86XAQJ_0piB-l_aINzjhyokuodO--bzmozwIHiutrmEu6rHJB_9vquzfuLmDoLWmI8QYTF_6MfawOGVCPEg8tCOZd5C0n_ONQj2lwvCmF5c8Zvgg_VCzMdvzbVau9II8SDg9sqljoY0-cI15b7Zy4HFaJfHYj5-LyGppuTdZbaAVAjxID3iBRXCLpiZteh5wilY93dbgVHkrWpaF_fRV91zOaxQCPAgTTwKf6gQ4DIL_U89IVvzH_1jYEkCDSnEOOYNFUvHEQ8I8SAg0SPTm2YusliAXUg1qigGYr48M79VcZClF4L35c9xfwjwIEQF4hADQAPlH4RzMsQUXVIOYwsz7Y4pgmwuTmlv8BRGCPAgXx45yhBgitlxXZoPiY801JhflemOgnxVewLKiGj6hiYI8CCCFfNrg2ZeB51PNa84j-z6Sin0AxT6aP9r7HupgUKbMwjxICknnLxa8xs8qmAdhtb0NnANbtwYyrlRTgqcMVLLl8ogCPEgHd9u6OIGCvUV12A1B1xdiOprSJ-4w0cqwfe7CzVX5HsI8CDQo_sIWZiWXaTGRSQBLmU-lHJKskYKqsjO1r02DhB8LAj_8Ajn9YmozHwo9QjwEJ46aM9ZDv3TdtqV3ZbRsNgI8SBOF8pILGf1kodr5MKmQs6Cd93joraGn3g6UPt_-kewPwjwIOG-gmM7bd_eR4AiDMNfluS3xvr7vicLR-sCBr5qtG2cCPAgrVNFrCoeQcCxhlmnE0BzHgR8HQpZAlfqzDDFzfWb8GUI8QRq0WWT8AjZJ2cF_c7k8ACD3-MNLvkMjiwraHR0cHM6Ly9ib2IuYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLm9wZW50aW1lc3RhbXBzLm9yZ_AI9ZMS1zxd7IEI8BDd00WgJZ0RncsC1Fyai_4aCPEgvxMFrnu7F05IW5INiraQ3OVEYMjNx6JfBxw1Q4jPLi4I8QRq0WWS8Ag2zxPAtI5JsP8Ag9_jDS75DI4uLWh0dHBzOi8vYWxpY2UuYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLm9wZW50aW1lc3RhbXBzLm9yZwjxIHAnv4KFFf4uiYEFJvLxiMxSyz8VowJP4roTfDD9h7bICPAgj5tgvbNF7mxSP4jGGE66ezUFRLnI4g1VTkvuV4VtCPAI8CCxlc1HuKORuHgn7DYIYcDhc4oo99OkTWBEvddBypoa7AjwIFcjjaF8kDNDYCZGaNISlRjvX-I7in-QNwsr4JYQbFJvCPAgnl0k4gs7LuY5i1umiHO-J7My3uBThLJUWQoY9LdVSrQI8SA6-Ft11_K_GqMNWYhkVsVqCFvXSYbp4S8JoLsLBnUzvgjxIBC8_mAE7JBP35SNxDBcG7joLJwURpMxdV2vSO64_jEOCPEge04Coj1xSi7CE8UwqiBGNhPyZ5QdD_YZwn-heSdObU4I8SBgdDSgr3VUx1j8m_pK7-OzMwwFgXeLy43ujffCv-hf5AjwIMl-PnAt4xjoBEVU4-nkyN0NKRa9AvX4kEMfllFyIJS9CPFZAQAAAAHz4rV-uwQFg02bVnEMUFgpIdGKjM4tWuID1kTVnrjisAAAAAAA_v___wJURAIAAAAAABYAFBFys2oc0-U-bYrC3VulGLzND5fbAAAAAAAAAAAiaiDwBHLTDgAICPEgMJIBYi46xOIuFDwzJ9nOx14ngW5HbglUf65ORpkoIYcICPAgHgGWEGCDHWgscwT92NOoJ7s-ezbPkyiWr2RnYZDC_dwICPAgtffMyyLu-MscJsDc0dzwGspwSrrmvVAnMNgsgWhHClgICPAgMUl1OfBDUwhp5VZjHwVA0nuz1F5HZTUJCHAnM1L1F3MICPAgStK7UWpnrUueV5EaE7uE0y6BLMp6EANmrbhrTqEBZu8ICPAg5LVW7IHtUL5mNOvPx1hOTfLMmqlQ7t9EFW-KDtrISIQICPAgABgXZ6upFU8qiDQKFtQFpqkjKwl0PsxM4JUjVLlDKbkICPAgEwb96FiOhjlbwI8GFZQ4a5GXwxs4bUdqVOMKrtBWV30ICPEgqBg-wp0c8CAPV9k6J7wIa9_GtQfpWmhpE1zqFZyi2pQICPAg2pZLTVPGJbriiz0UhMytYDVYAXOgQnWDcrMOewK9O8cICPEgxm3QwzbvT4siJzubQGnST67bWv-exYwSPP1KDi7CaUwICPEgm6udUudfjUaM0gUFTylKGDMypj7ptMTG0zmxd_T5yTcICPAgMpOInkjFCVp1pOZhfZnyPAl8hdWGmHzQcrGLgLwSKLgICAAFiJYNc9cZAQPzpjs"]},"log":{"leaf_index":"3186","tree_size":"3804","proof":["f192e1c454c574943591676b8e88e3a392268fbe43bde4d383ec3dfa2949f261","fe4de3399aede658df75c8d80b85f8366821c8013bb0508d1c6d0afdcfd3e50d","ad75add8b7a29971e421ef038e5fe3a62bd066d4ed446eb9a4bc4b6034827c16","5aef294d6438b6172af3847e4206632d0d88e66647b288cc550e27cdb866deb9","ca90e998ecfbedcbdb188cc724755d653a0e8402e3c6600faad512a536e4261f","0198e76575da053cea9fde62338e7da52485fb0e606da03e573df4fb8a2e073d","d7aa9bcc125a881b729a20bf9875af594205e69ea0a81ae6ee0ccef9a0ef2f44","5426917e21a76a04dade5c5485f552ff526bc237fdd43d7b4658d73e661cc956","48906313613fdfddd2bd907650210a7f3e59ccb380a2b862e892089f41bcdced","98b5a14b42b3a202b6ef825f66833fa505601404c4c0f14575f3ec922607a858","af34d80d0065c0ab502282775e865492e2cb49c9493f4594d63ba5577922854a","3c578dccc15502c5f3efe228cadc99fee76ab536ed01f66b14d316fdcc157429"],"checkpoint":"pubphys.com/log/v1\n3804\nAK6t4qgu96+M9wScTrIlsJ10d/zhKVEtYguyM3aeJvo=\n\n— pubphys.com/log/v1 JFPwIPP8EtoxgcsQg7V7CwIdL4UKPqJtpv+eB8sFNJjyQHIdyA1VabmBsPyLqq2bLxJPn57rA6fQi8y0QDDjRXHvlQg=\n","promise":"pubphys.com/log/v1 promise\n4ca0c2b6f0f2e25dfff7425941759557d0e2f77c8776c490045779f28e1e4fa2\n3186\n2026-10-15T23:43:57Z\n2026-10-16T01:43:57Z\n\n— pubphys.com/log/v1 JFPwIFhgxOvauRhcShWeAy3wDxJqEaD8w+VoB8oe42F98bg+pkrn4kW2aczkOqMFT0SjKU5Rg+CoHFaQRy/+dmKKpAk=\n"},"orcid_key_evidence":[],"attesting":null}