{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"73c94e5c551ca3d29163522ba07711c4d2ebfcff8f3a8456859a71ff1d836595","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:56Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"46a9a0b0aa305db6f01ff69e8890ba5c48f7ddb24dde8877267b9a9c5647e900","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"beams.beam-beam-limit.hadron-diffusion","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"open","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"Hadron colliders tolerate only about a tenth of the beam-beam strength of electron machines because nothing damps their motion. The detailed process by which particles drift out of the beam over hours is not predictable.","posed_since":"","precise":"Without radiation damping, hadron colliders are limited to total $\\xi \\sim 0.01\\ \\text{to}\\ 0.03$. Predict the beam lifetime and emittance growth over 1e8 to 1e9 turns from beam-beam nonlinearities combined with tune modulation, power-supply ripple and noise, and determine the scaling of the limit with these noise sources.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Long-term diffusion predictions matching measured emittance growth and losses in the LHC or RHIC under controlled noise injection.","status_note":"","title":"What sets the much lower beam-beam limit in hadron colliders","topic_ref":"cf4c5b4b7703f6fc5ca4e5b806f0ce813512423a2a628f29932195ffc3bef166"},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"8a171218ff7126e100cc487665d41b73346b09f9eb0e76b4f399ad3fcdb543a6","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"774584a9e8ba702f21260059040a206fa5db23c2de15458b123de2d067e790d1","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"k7qHDojrke8DLvqcqNmiQ4OrDSgzRikNM1kune3btJqM8m2S_zB2nIjtCD4bNKZKIuA5FlZn7qGHV5VSv_D4DA"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"8a171218ff7126e100cc487665d41b73346b09f9eb0e76b4f399ad3fcdb543a6","leaf_index":645}