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Whether these clusters are truly stable or are short-lived precursors of a dense liquid phase is disputed.","posed_since":"2008","precise":"Clusters of about $20\\ \\mathrm{Angstrom}$ were reported in 2008 in undersaturated and supersaturated CaCO3 solutions, with properties inconsistent with CNT. Determine whether they are thermodynamically stable solute species (negative formation free energy over a range of concentrations) or kinetically persistent ion associates or droplets of a dense liquid formed by liquid-liquid separation, from measured cluster size distributions and formation free energies versus concentration and pH.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Quantitative measurement of the cluster size distribution and its concentration dependence, compared with free-energy calculations, showing stable solutes or metastable dense-liquid droplets.","status_note":"","title":"Do stable prenucleation clusters exist in calcium carbonate 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