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Measurements from different experiments and the models used to describe them do not agree, especially for slow pions and small momentum transfers.","posed_since":"","precise":"Construct a model of charged- and neutral-current single-pion production on 12C, 16O and 40Ar for $E_{\\nu} = 0.5\\ \\text{to}\\ 5\\ \\mathrm{GeV}$ that simultaneously reproduces MiniBooNE, MINERvA and T2K pion kinematic distributions, including the low-$Q^2$ suppression and the pion absorption and charge exchange in the nucleus. The answer must identify the physics (in-medium $\\Delta$ properties, nonresonant background, final-state interactions, flux normalization) responsible for the inter-experiment tension.","problem_ref":"f37258440f5eea6b92f608d1bc5bee4825cf0d2a1d193e1f29a4d2312b5ac60d","references":"","settled_by":"A single model, constrained by pion electroproduction and hydrogen or deuterium neutrino data, that fits all nuclear-target pion data within quoted uncertainties.","status_note":"","title":"Reliable models of neutrino pion production on 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