{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"d28ddbf3ed8322fdd6e19a9d089cb03e57d8d583c7801ea4292cbb3a855f24b3","created":"2026-10-15T23:43:22Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":["ai:gpt-5.5"],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["6ad6e95dc92ac148ea63b1a5df01cb03d42a7320e0198fc0ee6b27230801ae6b","ce59fb6cd812fc05906d0c60a71c75ea22bc686bcf38e7c3ef7010834d98ee7b"],"salt":"8843402aebf71ee246e138a8295b24ce5d811aa35d17f41605c32cb8d47b3585","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":["ai:gpt-5.5"],"external_id":"bio.glass-transition.johari-goldstein-relaxation","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"contested","n":"2","parents":[],"plain":"Below the glass point most molecules are frozen, yet glasses of even rigid molecules still show a faster, smaller relaxation, the Johari-Goldstein $\\beta$ process. Which molecular motions produce it, and whether it is the precursor of the main relaxation, is disputed.","posed_since":"1970","precise":"In molecular glass formers, including glasses of rigid molecules, dielectric and mechanical spectra show a secondary $\\beta$ relaxation that persists below $T_g$ with Arrhenius $\\tau_\\beta(T)$ and an empirical activation energy of roughly $24\\ k_B T_g$ per molecule (approximate). Determine whether it is carried by localized islands of mobility or by small-angle motion of all molecules, and whether it is the precursor of the $\\alpha$ relaxation as assumed in coupling-type models. An answer identifies the motions in a model glass equilibrated near or below $T_{g}$ and reproduces the measured $\\beta$ peak and its link to $\\tau_\\alpha$.","problem_ref":"6ad6e95dc92ac148ea63b1a5df01cb03d42a7320e0198fc0ee6b27230801ae6b","references":"","settled_by":"Simulation of a swap-equilibrated model glass that resolves which particles and motions produce the $\\beta$ peak and reproduces its activation energy and its relation to $\\tau_{\\alpha}$, consistent with NMR and dielectric data.","status_note":"","title":"Microscopic nature of the Johari-Goldstein secondary 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