{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"174f1ddf19425d645b43da754c4839dd71f3ee04ce61ef0c070a8d936b3e1f11","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:57Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"2ff517361179cde942131c04fad4f3f4321ec22e50c68edee8d227f9964ba1e8","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"bio.nucleation.two-step-pathway","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"open","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"Some crystals, for example of proteins, appear to form first as dense liquid-like blobs that later order inside. When this two-step route beats direct crystal formation, and what rate it gives, is not known.","posed_since":"","precise":"For globular proteins such as lysozyme, colloids with short-range attraction and some small molecules, crystals are reported to nucleate within metastable dense-liquid droplets or amorphous precursors. Determine for which interaction ranges and supersaturations the two-step pathway dominates the rate, and derive a rate expression replacing CNT that predicts measured rates.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"A rate theory for the two-step pathway whose predictions match rare-event simulations and measured nucleation rates in protein or colloid experiments.","status_note":"","title":"When does crystal nucleation proceed in two steps","topic_ref":"1380a85b09074fe5f36e74fddf9348a147e8d031ca52cae30320a53fa96359da"},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"9c76b053a9d5e69c5bcb32fa7125b9d22c666187bda1e2acf259411baa143f48","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"6539de8e26aa59c85b965943607431630f9d22c0133e17e90ec2188427323149","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"kb2nbfKvz-rmI_ObxQfSIzpgiL3WjUQcmx1a3EniuDdYrT4rwqn9MtqzTtovQhUmZf6D4PCpfzdt8-mx8EZLDA"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"9c76b053a9d5e69c5bcb32fa7125b9d22c666187bda1e2acf259411baa143f48","leaf_index":813}