{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"575f1ed54d028aa329fb13ce9af601b4dfd276bc210f1ad665ee24cacc8ece84","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:58Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"93aa1f9b85ed2b310b59d60a082920b4ba71f8295af1ef44a9e6205a17791285","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"identification","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"cm.amorphous-low-temperature.tls-identity","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"open","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"The tunneling model assumes small groups of atoms that flip between two nearly equal positions. Which atoms move, and how many, has never been identified in any glass.","posed_since":"","precise":"For amorphous SiO2 (and a-Si, a-Al2O3), identify the atomic configurations that form tunneling two-level systems with energies below $\\sim 1e-4\\,\\mathrm{eV}$ ($\\sim 1\\,\\mathrm{K}$), and reproduce their measured density of states $P$, deformation potential $\\gamma \\sim 0.5-1\\,\\mathrm{eV}$, electric dipole moments and isotope dependence.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Atomistic simulation of a realistically quenched glass that finds tunneling double wells with the measured $P$, $\\gamma$ and dipole moments, confirmed by an isotope-substitution or strain-spectroscopy experiment.","status_note":"","title":"What atoms tunnel in the two-level systems of amorphous 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