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Real shocks have every orientation, so whether across-field shocks can inject ions matters for cosmic-ray yields.","posed_since":"","precise":"Hybrid simulations find ion acceleration efficiency of order 10 percent of the shock kinetic energy flux for $\\theta_{\\mathrm{Bn}}$ below about $45\\,\\mathrm{degrees}$ and strong suppression at larger angles. Determine whether upstream turbulence, shock-surface rippling or pre-existing energetic seeds allow efficient ion injection at $\\theta_{\\mathrm{Bn}}$ above $50\\,\\mathrm{degrees}$, and the resulting efficiency versus $M_{\\mathrm{A}}$. An answer is $\\operatorname{efficiency}(\\theta_{\\mathrm{Bn}}, M_{\\mathrm{A}})$ from 3D hybrid or kinetic simulations with realistic upstream turbulence.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"3D simulations with realistic upstream turbulence, checked against spacecraft observations of quasi-perpendicular interplanetary shocks.","status_note":"","title":"Ion injection at quasi-perpendicular 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