{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"bd89a79bcdc26e6632a0feb7b3ba78af1ce72d6c2a0701445cc36b3e0291344f","created":"2026-10-15T23:43:22Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["8a171218ff7126e100cc487665d41b73346b09f9eb0e76b4f399ad3fcdb543a6","ce59fb6cd812fc05906d0c60a71c75ea22bc686bcf38e7c3ef7010834d98ee7b"],"salt":"3ddb4292b4d14cca948a4eac05e959d6d713c81bf5c48b070a3f801bc69a3051","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"beams.beam-beam-limit.hadron-diffusion","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"open","n":"2","parents":[],"plain":"Hadron colliders tolerate only about a tenth of the beam-beam strength of electron machines because nothing damps their motion. The detailed process by which particles drift out of the beam over hours is not predictable.","posed_since":"","precise":"Without radiation damping, hadron colliders are limited to total $\\xi \\sim 0.01\\ \\text{to}\\ 0.03$. Predict the beam lifetime and emittance growth over $10^{8}$ to $10^{9}$ turns from beam-beam nonlinearities combined with tune modulation, power-supply ripple and noise, and determine the scaling of the limit with these noise sources.","problem_ref":"8a171218ff7126e100cc487665d41b73346b09f9eb0e76b4f399ad3fcdb543a6","references":"","settled_by":"Long-term diffusion predictions matching measured emittance growth and losses in the LHC or RHIC under controlled noise injection.","status_note":"","title":"What sets the much lower beam-beam limit in hadron colliders?","topic_ref":null},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"aa4aca37a29b357334d0375d6bce471a4c42148bad3bea5244187fdbf2c86c70","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"69eb7bed07af6d9431bab6dfa4bf5c7f1e33ff091c72d24194dcf76bd52dbe89","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"uzWdV2xgkCtt-BFjaq9WnBbc3EG7qXPVeznydteggqrkehSeoA1efljwQVp6dNvt4mW6CCQFvite1OipSQ76DA"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"aa4aca37a29b357334d0375d6bce471a4c42148bad3bea5244187fdbf2c86c70","leaf_index":2454}