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Some experiments still report enhanced killing, others report none.","posed_since":"","precise":"Determine whether high-Z nanoparticles at clinically achievable concentrations (below about 1 mg per g of tissue) increase cell killing in proton beams of 10 to 200 MeV and carbon-ion beams of 50 to 400 MeV per nucleon beyond the computed dose increase, which is of order 0.1 percent. An answer is yes or no with a measured enhancement ratio and its uncertainty under controlled particle uptake, plus the physical or chemical channel responsible if yes.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Blinded multi-laboratory cell-survival measurements with quantified intracellular gold content in identical proton and ion beams, with matched controls.","status_note":"Positive and null results coexist in the literature and the effect has not been reproduced under a common protocol.","title":"Nanoparticle enhancement in proton and carbon-ion 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