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If it takes longer than the black hole lives, the paradox can never be tested.","posed_since":"2013","precise":"Given the radiation of a black hole of entropy $S$, is distilling the qubit entangled with a given late Hawking mode (the Harlow-Hayden task) quantum-computationally hard, requiring time $\\exp(\\Omega(S))$ for every quantum algorithm, for realistic black hole dynamics instead of idealized random unitaries? An answer is a reduction to a standard hardness assumption, an unconditional bound, or an efficient algorithm.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"A complexity-theoretic proof of hardness for decoding under a physically motivated model of black hole dynamics, or an efficient decoder.","status_note":"Hardness holds under complexity assumptions (Harlow and Hayden 2013) and was later tied to the existence of quantum cryptographic primitives (2023); realistic dynamics remain open as of 2026.","title":"Is decoding interior partners from Hawking radiation exponentially 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