{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"722dc5070dd80bbb479a5f17b5ed0e3342465831a6c7170ee3119094767228f3","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:55Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"1f76824c1b1a2aef950135994fa8291431513374d598dd7c440a1af0ada61d2d","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"classification","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"astro.protoplanetary-disks.dust-rings","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"partially-resolved","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"Images of young disks show bright rings and dark gaps. Hidden young planets could carve them, but other processes can make rings too.","posed_since":"","precise":"ALMA images show axisymmetric dust rings and gaps at $10\\text{-}100\\,\\mathrm{AU}$ in $\\sim 1\\,\\mathrm{Myr}$ disks. Determine for the population whether gaps are opened by embedded planets of ~ 0.1-1 Jupiter masses or by non-planetary processes (condensation fronts, magnetohydrodynamic zonal flows, secular gravitational instability). The answer is the fraction of gaps with a planetary origin.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Direct imaging or gas-kinematic detection of planets inside gaps for a representative disk sample, with upper limits for the rest.","status_note":"Planets were imaged inside disk gaps in PDS 70 (2018-2019) and WISPIT 2 (WISPIT 2b in 2025, a second planet WISPIT 2c confirmed in 2026); for most ringed disks no planet has been detected.","title":"Are the rings in protoplanetary disks carved by 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