{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"d68edcb13158fcca98798e3928d1015ee30bcf44576822c6d6ea7a4a1dd6c66d","created":"2026-10-03T07:17:55Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"ae981ed5c1d0fdde2ba70a344352c02f82dbca786279d9c58fc3ffc747125e76","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"astro.ism-astrochemistry.high-z-dust","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"open","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"Some galaxies seen less than a billion years after the Big Bang already contain tens of millions of Suns' worth of dust. Supernovae alone seem unable to make that much in the time available.","posed_since":"","precise":"Galaxies and quasar hosts at $z > 6$ contain dust masses of about $1\\mathrm{e}7 \\text{ to } 1\\mathrm{e}8\\,M_{\\mathrm{sun}}$. Determine the dominant source: supernova condensation (net yields after reverse-shock destruction of about $0.01 \\text{ to } 0.1\\,M_{\\mathrm{sun}}$ per supernova), asymptotic giant branch stars, or grain growth in the interstellar medium, and the required growth timescale.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Dust-to-gas and dust-to-metal ratios for a large sample at $z > 6$ with independent dust temperatures, compared with chemical evolution models.","status_note":"","title":"How did galaxies accumulate so much dust within one billion years?","topic_ref":"053938143b301dc6b1d81522aef24ce54269bd5a5c046d77683dda38966086a5"},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"b4565b3a8c4a5094d849ede3cb44970062457987b929017c3f8f3e04ca701cb0","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"36316691fa1180a69bddb16e69899719a053e094e3898184179104102657566d","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"6g0w6XU6RI61QZDsET_S8Wy08W88Dn6QylV-Z2Pujc2jHcFNZ3kwu_EIrU8uZXihrT5Rc7VE-vCM_avmFwv9Dw"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"b4565b3a8c4a5094d849ede3cb44970062457987b929017c3f8f3e04ca701cb0","leaf_index":569}